Marin Restaurants Open Late, Different Levels Of Translational Research, Prayer Points Against Untimely Death With Bible Verses, Articles H

In 2013 a service was held at Chelmsford Cathedral to mark the 60th anniversary of the Great Flood, attended by Anne, Princess Royal. The flood displaced 1 million people and killed almost 400. More than 230 deaths occurred on seacraft along Northern European coasts as well as on ships in deeper waters of the North Sea. Auteur de l'article Par ; Date de l'article what is solemnity in the catholic church; dead files holy hill . View Gallery. Notice: 14NOV12 - The USGS is monitoring barrier island breaches in cooperation with the National Park Service.The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) New York Water Science Center (NYWSC) proposes to help evaluate the open breach . On the night of 31 January 1953, a wall of water surged from the North Sea, over-topping sea defences and leaving a trail of death and destruction in its wake. As devastating as it was, the flood also triggered many changes in how the countries surrounding the North Sea manage their flood risk, including the development of improved warning systems and various protection schemes. At the end of the last ice age, 12 000 years ago, the earth was moving out of a glacial maximum. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Since there are so many days in a year, there is need of a unit of time that is intermediate between the day and the year. Nineteen were killed in eastern Scotland. Short answer: One year and 10 days. Only a global flood would cover all the high mountains under the heavens by at least 15 cubits (about 25 feet or 7 meters: Genesis 7:19). I. Abrahams. Assuming that the events of Genesis 8:3 and Genesis 8:4 refer to the same events or at least are simultaneous, then 150 days must equal five months, so each of the months must have been 30 days. Such land relies heavily on sea defences and was worst affected, recording 1,836 deaths and widespread damage. Two have been adapted as English versions: The 1953 floods were mentioned in detail in the drama film. More than 300 died along . In January 1953, rising waters sank the Princess Victoria, a passenger ferry whose captain dared to attempt a crossing of the Irish Sea, despite a gale warning.Although 133 of the ferry's 179 passengers and crew members lost their lives, the Princess Victoria was only the first . Hence, the calculation of 360 days + 11 days = 371 days, but in our modern way of looking at it, we would reason 360 days + 10 days = 370 days.4 Given the manner in which ancient Hebrews reckoned time, if the events of Genesis 8:3 and 8:4 were to be equated, the time interval involved would have been 151 days, not 150. Voted Best Local Magician by CBS Chicago Berwyn Magic Show benefiting Down SyndromeBerwyn Magic Show benefiting Down Syndrome. Damage occurred throughout the country, with 19 fatalities reported. Twelve months on a lunar calendar normally is 354 days (but occasionally is 355 days). The Hebrew word used in each instance (, hde means new moon (Koehler, Baumgartner, and Stamm 2001, p. 294). Yangtze River Flood, 1911. Other countries, including England, Sweden and Canada sent more than 61 million guilders in relief supplies. 194195) noted five fixed dates in the Flood narrative, but also commented that the exact duration of time depended upon which calendar was in use. Jerusalem, Israel: The Magnes Press. As telephone and telegraph networks were disrupted by flood damage, amateur radio operators went into the affected areas with their equipment to form a voluntary emergency radio network. Vol. Faulkner, D. R. (2015). Nor is the month a multiple of the day. Ultimately, it matters relatively little. [citation needed], Reis Leming, a US airman, and USAF Staff Sergeant Freeman A Kilpatrick were also awarded the George Medal for rescuing respectively 27 and 18 people at South Beach, Hunstanton. Parts of the islands of Zuid-Beveland, Noord-Beveland, IJsselmonde, Pernis, Rozenburg, Walcheren and Land van Altena were flooded, as well as parts of the areas around Willemstad, Nieuw-Vossemeer and parts of Zeelandic Flanders. The system was completed in 1998, with completion of the storm surge barrier Maeslantkering in the Nieuwe Waterweg, near Rotterdam. This rule allows for the month to be 30 days long as the default when the moon is not visible, but the moon will be visible about half the time, weather permitting. What difference does it make how long the Flood was? how long did the north sea flood last 2022-06-16T04:18:32+00:00 By powers funeral home camden sc obituaries majestic funeral home elizabethtown, nc obituaries today To avoid this problem, most ancient societies developed a lunisolar calendar. The center is supported by a grant from the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research. 113114) further pointed out that this nicely explains why the LXX differs from the Masoretic text in Genesis 7:11 and Genesis 8:14, where the LXX gives the dates of the twenty-seventh of the second and seventh months rather than the seventeenth. There are indications that the calendar originally followed in the Old Testament placed New Year near the time of the autumnal equinox (Exodus 23:16; 34:22). [36], There is also a blue plaque marking the height of the flood water at Sutton-on-Sea in Lincolnshire. But this time the water remained high. 4344) makes just this case, noting that five lunar months amounts to 147 days, which easily rounds to 150 days. The suns apparent motion across the sky due to the earths rotation is the basis for the most obvious natural unit of time, the day. Explorer, Timeline Archaeological evidence suggests that a great flood, one reminiscent of the Noah's Ark story, occurred 5.33 million years ago, filling up the mostly dry Mediterranean Sea in only a few years. Learn how and when to remove this template message, Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, List of natural disasters in the British Isles, List of disasters in Great Britain and Ireland by death toll, "Watersnoodramp herdacht: 'Getallen zeggen iets, verhalen zeggen alles', "The Watersnoodramp: the Dutch battle against water in moving image", "Watersnood, een reconstructie van de watersnoodramp in 1953", "Herdenking slachtoffers watersnoodramp 1953, 66 jaar geleden", "January 11, 1953 and 9/11:Living with risk", "De stemmen van de watersnood: Hilversumse Radio en de Zeeuwse Stormramp van 1953", "Er zit nog wel wat speling in de Deltawerken om de stijgende zee te keren", "Disaster victims to be remembered on floods tragedy anniversary", "Tributes paid to forgotten hero, Freeman Kilpatrick, who saved lives in Hunstanton in 1953 floods", "BBC Radio Lincolnshire - Melvyn in the Morning, 17/10/2012, East Coast Floods - Melvyn with John Monk in Sutton on Sea", "Canvey Island 1953 Flood Memorial in Canvey Island, Essex - Find a Grave Cemetery", "BASS 2010: Jim Shepard, "The Netherlands Lives With Water" | A Just Recompense", Pathe newsreel, evacuation in Lincolnshire, List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Sea_flood_of_1953&oldid=1142565034, Articles needing additional references from February 2018, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020, Articles with dead external links from March 2022, Articles with permanently dead external links, Netherlands articles missing geocoordinate data, Articles missing coordinates with coordinates on Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 9% of total Dutch farmland flooded, 187,000 animals drowned, 47,300 buildings damaged of which 10,000 destroyed. "At the end of forty days Noah opened the window of the ark that he had made and sent forth a raven. This was done by interspersing an extra 10 days over the 12 Roman months as they then existed. Third, by defining the year to be exactly 365 days long, this calendar was nearly a quarter day short of the true length of the year. [18] As a result, the warnings of the KNMI did not penetrate the flood-threatened area in time. 6 min read. After the flooding, the government made major investments in new sea defences. Hence, Kevan actually endorsed the theory that the Flood lasted exactly one year. Indeed, the case for the Flood lasting exactly one year is good. https://doi.org/10.5282/rcc/5181. More subtle, but still important, is our revolution around the sun, which defines the other significant natural unit of time, the year. Lewis leapt from a police station upper window to save an elderly couple being swept away in 3 feet (1m) floodwater, carrying them to a house across the road to safety, then continuing rescue work for hours until he found a working telephone to call for help. The solution to that difficulty is to add an extra day to a month about every three years. The U.S. Army sent helicopters from Germany to rescue people from rooftops. If, as many recent creationists believe, the calendar consisted of twelve 30-day months, there were 360 days in a year. The 1953 North Sea flood was a major flood caused by a heavy storm surge that struck the Netherlands, north-west Belgium, England and Scotland. At that time, the government did not yet know that Schouwen-Duiveland, Goeree-Overflakkee and Tholen were almost completely under water, and no large-scale rescue operations had yet taken place. This method remains the best way to maintain a lunisolar calendar, a calendar that maintains fidelity to the month but at the same time matches the actual length of the year. Panama. He further noted that the synodic month1 actually is 29.5 days, and from this Kevan concluded that the Floods duration was 365 days. sopa square kelowna problems; ark eternal additional spawners; the weakening of the tokugawa shogunate; natalie morales director 5. how long did the north sea flood last. Many people who had survived the first flood died, as the houses on which they sheltered on the rooftops collapsed due to the persistent water pressure. Cassuto, U. According to the Oslo-Paris Treaty of 1962 it is a bit more to the west and the north though. There are several aspects of this calendar worthy of note. Boyd, S. W., T. L Stroup, D. G. Longacre, K. M. Akagi, and L. A. Anderson. This is of no real consequence as things average out over the year. To avoid inserting ones opinion, some answer that the Flood lasted a little more than a year, but this is problematic in that if the Flood lasted 365 days, its duration certainly is not greater than a year, at least to people who are accustomed to the Gregorian calendar. The flood was caused by the Vincinette low-pressure system,[4][clarification needed] better known as the Great Sheffield Gale, approaching the German Bight from the southern Polar Sea. But just as the extent of the Mediterranean's drying is debated, so too is the size of the . Similarly, Boyd et al. This disaster was similar to the North Sea flood of 1953, when an intense European windstorm coinciding with a . It went to and fro until the waters were dried up from the earth." (Gen. 8:6-7) 40. Research conducted by Answers in Genesis staff scientists or sponsored by Answers in Genesis is funded solely by supporters donations. Jews living in Egypt at the time of the translation of the LXX likely were accustomed to the 365-day year that the Egyptians employed, and this change in the text reflected their understanding of the Hebrew culture that exactly one year was the Floods duration. Most see Noah sitting in the Ark on a chair waiting the seven days, when in fact this was the cue to load the animals. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Corrections? In our modern way of reckoning time, the seventeenth day of one month to the twenty-seventh day of the corresponding month the following year would amount to one year and ten days. Rather, he preceded his table with the statement that the Flood chronology may be constructed this way, but he followed the table with the remark that this result assumes a 30-day month. Rescue operations from the air were hardly possible: the Netherlands had only 1 helicopter and had to wait until other countries offered help. The disaster . By the way, Sirius is nicknamed the Dog Star, because it is in the constellation Canis Major, or the Big Dog. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Was the year once 360 days long? The extratropical cyclone responsible for the flooding had previously crossed the United Kingdom as the Great Sheffield Gale, devastating the city of Sheffield and killing nine people.[3]. The scale of the flooding was unprecedented. Text on the blue plaque on the wall of the Heritage Centre in Leigh-on-Sea. However, as Faulkner (2012) has previously pointed out, there are at least two other ways to understand these two verses. Some small towns in Louisiana were all-but destroyed. In Grappling with the chronology of the Genesis Flood, ed. Cassuto (1964, p. 44) supports this conclusion, as did Kevan (1953, p. 85). By watching for the first appearance of Sirius as it rose before the sun in the morning sky, the ancient Egyptians learned that the flooding of the Nile was nigh and it was time to prepare for their planting of grains. Up to 100,000 were killed in a flooding of the longest river in Asia. Links, Creative Commons Public Domain Mark 1.0 License, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 Generic License, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, Video commemorating the 60th anniversary of the floods, British Meteorological Office Info-graphic on the British impacts of the flood, The Thames Barrier: London's Moveable Flood Defense, The Equestrian Suburb of Latine Los Angeles, Sight and Sound: Beyond the Huia Extinction Story, Housing for a Changing Climate: The Commonwealth Environmental Building Station in 1950s Australia, his & natures expropriation: Wetland Enclosure, Salvage Poetics, and Social Reproduction in Wendy Mulfords, Baxter, Peter, J. So we have Noah's birth, which occurred about 1,056 years after the creation of Adam. A. Snelling, 4373. Creation Research Society Quarterly 49, no. At least 200 more people died at . As with most other ancient calendars, the months begin with the new moon. how long did the north sea flood last. After a long night of rain and winds, the sunrise had brought clear skies, the kind of bright . Map of Mesopotamia (Iraq). 1964. Now there's a map for that. 2014. Anderson, L. E. 2014. The Schielands Hoge Zeedijk (Schielands High Seadyke) along the river Hollandse IJssel was all that protected three million people in the provinces of North and South Holland from flooding. Planes dropped sandbags, dinghies, boots, food and water over the disaster area. Several authors have approached this question recently. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Green Forest, Arkansas: Master Books. Though many people assume the Flood lasted only forty days and forty nights, the Bible does not say that. There are only three other Hebrew names of the months mentioned in the Old Testament: Ziv (, the second month; 1 Kings 6:1, 37), Ethanim (, the seventh month; 1 Kings 8:2), and Bul (, the eighth month; 1 Kings 6:38). From what we know of the extreme commitment that the Hebrews have had to preservation of tradition, this is almost unthinkable. [37], In 2011 58 years after the flood, a service of remembrance was held outside the library on Canvey Island in Essex to unveil a plaque commemorating the 58 people who lost their lives on the island.[38]. how long did the north sea flood lastmeadowglen lane apartments. In the Netherlands the government conceived and constructed an ambitious flood defence system beginning in the 1960s. I argue that the Floods duration most likely was 365 days, exactly one year. This function makes the year the most important aspect of calendars. [12] A national donation program was started and there was a large amount of international aid. At this time of the day, most city offices were closed, which slowed the notification of the population. One of the greatest on record, the St Elizabeth Flood of November 1421, cost 10,000 lives on the Dutch coast as 70 villages were submerged. When the waters reached the highest, there was no land above sea level anywhere on the planet. The 1953 North Sea flood was a major flood caused by a heavy storm surge that struck the Netherlands, north-west Belgium, England and Scotland. At any rate, the many flood-deposit layers show that flooding in southeastern Mesopotamia was not unusual in ancient times. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. This makes it possible to develop an algorithm for predicting lunar phases, and hence calendars could be prepared in advance. At the time of Xaver's landfall, the Environment Agency (EA) warned of the most significant coastal tidal surge since the North Sea floods, and Xaver did bring record sea levels, which in places were higher than those seen in 1953. Then, in Genesis 7:11, we are told that the flood came in the 600th year of Noah's life, so that would mean the Great Flood came approximately 1,656 years after Adam was created in Eden. 2011 Lencer In the absence of clear evidence that the Hebrews dramatically changed their calendar at some time in the past, it is compelling to extrapolate its use indefinitely into the past. Messages give orders to stop river traffic, close subsidiary . Another possibility not mentioned by Faulkner (2012) is that the weather conditions during the earliest part of the Flood probably would not have permitted direct observation of the moon, and hence there was no way for Noah directly to observe the moon and thus he was reduced to counting days. No, this aspect of Hebrew customs strongly argues that Maimonides at most tweaked the calendar that had been in use for some time. Rijkswaterstaat had warned about the risk of a flood. The severe storm and the flood it caused in the last hours of 16 February affected the dykes more than predicted and led to some 50 breaches before officials raised the alarm for Hamburg. The new moon is not visible for 23 days around new moon, so on the Hebrew calendar the new moon is defined by its first visibility of a thin crescent in the evening sky immediately after sunset. 0:05. Tool. The Hebrews must have used some calendar prior to this, and there is no biblical evidence that God instituted the calendar then, but rather that he gave new meaning to the calendar that they then knew. I argue that the Flood's duration most likely was 365 days, exactly one year. Longacre, D. G. 2014. Of her 179 passengers and crew, 133 lost their lives. Their calendar originally was lunar, but they eventually adopted a year of twelve 30-day months, followed by a five day intercalary period. As previously mentioned, many recent creationists think that the Flood lasted 371 days. A combination of a high spring tide and a severe European windstorm caused a storm tide of the North Sea. How much did he contribute to this calendar? The unprecedented high waters affected all area river basins especially the Kansas, Neosho, Marias Des Cygnes and Verdigris. Bible Reference: Genesis 7 & 8 The Bible says that Noah was 600 years old when the flood waters came upon the earth. Assuming this dark tale is based on true geographical changes, it originated at a time when seas were about 100 feet lower than they are today, which would date the story at 9,800 to 10,650 years . In constructing a calendar, there is an immediate problem: the year is not easily divisible by either the day or the month. Visit Alexander Halls blog @ www.greengambit.blogspot.com. Whitcomb, J. C., and H. M. Morris. May 11, 2022. The North Sea Flood of 1953. Environment & Society Portal, Arcadia (2013), no. However, at the first Passover, God instituted a ceremonial calendar with its first month near the vernal equinox (Exodus 12:2; 23:15), six months prior to Rosh Hashanah. Reuters. Chad Arment The ferry MV Princess Victoria sank in the North Channel east of Belfast with 133 fatalities, and many fishing trawlers sank. It was found that the flooding could have been 4 feet (1.2m) higher; the Rijkswaterstaat's plan concerning the protection and strengthening of the dikes was accepted. Read more about the Portal in, Themes reflect the research of the Rachel Carson Center, its fellows, and partners, Three discovery tools deliver spatially, temporally, or thematically related results, Get involved or contact us with questions, comments and feedback, RCC Several neighbouring countries sent soldiers to assist in searching for bodies and rescuing people. However, it is unlikely that Maimonides dramatically altered the calendar. [22] Flooding forced over 30,000 people from their homes,[22][23] and 24,000 properties were greatly damaged. Belief that the Flood lasted 371 days is common among recent creationists, but there are other possibilities. It is about 970 km long and 580 km wide and lies within Europe's north-west continental shelf. At least 200 more people died at sea, including 133 of the passengers aboard the Princess Victoria ferry. Of course, this does not guarantee that such a calendar was followed as far back as the Flood, but in the absence of any clear evidence that there was at some point a change in calendars, it is reasonable to infer that this was the kind of calendar used in the account of the Flood in Genesis 68. 120 square kilometres or a sixth of the city of Hamburg were flooded, destroying 6,000 buildings. Adjusting our heading: Delineating the new approach. The Younger Dryas sea level rise is a historical event in early earth history and could be the great flood. For instance, when Aaron and Moses died, the Israelites mourned 30 days for them (Numbers 20:29 and Deuteronomy 34:8). Any dramatic change in the calendar would have greatly altered the very days on which Passover and other feasts were observed. The water volume of the North Sea is about 54,000 cubic kilometers (13,000 cubic miles). A Thames Barrier flood defence closure is triggered when high tides are forecast in the North Sea and river flows are high at the tidal limit at Teddington weir.If water levels might exceed 4.87 metres (16.0 ft) in central London, that is the trigger. As far as I can tell, the only biblical evidence for twelve 30-day months seems to be Genesis 8:34. The cycle of the moons phases offers a good intermediate time interval. Since the Hebrews reckon the start of a day from sundown, one quickly can determine observationally whether the day that just began is the last day of the previous month or the first day of the next month. On Thursday 15 February, German authorities published the first storm warning for the North Sea with wind speeds up to 9 Beaufort. When the days of the flood are totaled we find that Noah and his family, as well as the animals, were in the ark a total of 371 days. Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Rckblick auf Hamburger Flutkatastrophe,Hamburg, 15 February 2012", "Korinthen-Geschenk fr Heime und Schulen", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Sea_flood_of_1962&oldid=1142560996. Flooding forced 30,000 people to be evacuated from their homes, and 24,000 properties were seriously damaged. . how long did the north sea flood last. What if the Flood occurred in a year when an intercalary month was inserted? In a similar manner, the solar day rarely is exactly 24 hours, but rather is several seconds longer or shorter than 24 hours, but over the course of a year the day averages exactly 24 hours in length. Even today, the Jewish New Year, Rosh Hashanah, is a new moon close to the autumnal equinox. Omissions? Some attribute the adoption of the Metonic cycle to Hillel II in the fourth century, while others think that it might have been adopted as late as the ninth century. Barrick, W. D. and R. Sigler. Having a good method for determining the time to plant that did not rely upon a particular calendar freed the ancient Egyptians to pursue a calendar that was less based upon astronomical realities. The Watersnoodmuseum or Flood Museum in Ouwerkerk, Netherlands opened in 2001 as the "National Knowledge and Remembrance Centre for the Floods of 1953". Uncategorized. One must develop a method for handling this difficulty, and there is no universally satisfactory way to do this. Residents were relocated elsewhere in Barking. An estimated 30,000 animals drowned, and 47,300 buildings were damaged, of which 10,000 had to be demolished (or were swept away). Police Officers Charles Lewis and Leonard Deptford received George Medals for their part in rescue work. Replying that I think from the Bible that the Flood was x days long is a good response. The Passover is explicitly stated to be in the month of Aviv (). Hurricane-force winds over the North Sea generated a storm surge that sent a wall of water toward each coast. When did the year begin in the Old Testament? Copy, ${currentCitationStyle} Citation Copied to Clipboard. James Powell In the North, the North sea is open towards the Atlantic. We do not know. The Thames Barrier programme was started to secure Central London against a future storm surge; the Barrier was officially opened on 8 May 1984. MLA The North Sea flood of 1953 was one of the most devastating natural disasters ever recorded in the UK. A massive storm brought devastation to the east coast of England and claimed more than 300 . Waves of opinion: The chronology of the Flood in literature past and present. Credit for codifying the current Hebrew calendar usually goes to the twelfth century AD scholar Maimonides (11351204). . On a lunar calendar, the months, such as the Islamic holy month of Ramadan, slide progressively earlier in the year over a 32-year cycle. North Topsail Beach, an 11.1-mile long community on the northern third of Topsail Island, is low and narrow (25 yards wide in some locations), and has a single escape road that easily floods and . Most other cultures did not have this advantage and hence continued with a lunisolar calendar. By way of analogy, if 1000 years from now some researcher found ancient records showing that in America in the twentieth century the U.S. 'The Great Tide' by Hilda Grieve (published 1959) gives a detailed description of every aspect of the flood in Essex. The North Sea flood began in June 1212 and ended more than six months later. While this is an approximation to the years length, about two-thirds of the time it is 11 days short of the years true length and 10 days short one-third of the time. On the north side of the Thames Estuary Canvey Island in Essex was inundated, with the loss of 58 lives. However, during the Holocene period at the end . A. The solutions fall into three categories: lunar calendars, lunisolar calendars, and solar calendars. Many recent creationists are of the opinion that the Floods duration was 371 days. At the same time, thousands of Dutch soldiers, administrators, aid workers and volunteers arrived to carry out coordinated actions in the disaster area. This belief is in agreement with and probably has been influenced by Whitcomb and Morris (1961, p. 3). Belief that the Flood lasted 371 days is common among recent creationists, but there are other possibilities. ): Carstensen, Holger: Schwarze Landschaft nach Sturm. In the Netherlands, the Delta Commissions study into the cause and effect of the floods led to the Delta Works, a series of dams, locks, sluices, levees, and storm surge barriers, including the nine-kilometer Oosterscheldekering dam, that now protect the Netherlands from the threat of coastal flooding. 233234, 269270) pointed out that 4Q252, a Qumran commentary on Genesis, apparently endorsed a 364-day calendar. Radio amateurs had to establish emergency operations to support emergency services as a means of communication. The decision of when to add intercalary months often was left to politicians. In the Netherlands some 400,000 acres (162,0000 hectares) flooded, causing at least 1,800 deaths and widespread property damage. However, these authors were not as concerned with the exact duration of the Flood as they were in establishing the relative chronology of the Flood for the purpose of using subtle clues in the biblical text in developing a geological Flood model. 20-year-old Jos de Boet from Oude-Tonge lost 42 family members in the disaster. Probably the most devastating storm to affect Scotland for 500 years, the surge crossed between Orkney and Shetland. The scientists believe that the great flood did take place around 7,000 years ago in the Black Sea region. Normally, a portion of a day was counted as an entire day. The devastating North Sea flood of 1953 caused catastrophic damage and loss of life in Scotland, England, Belgium and The Netherlands and became one of the worst peacetime disasters of the 20 th century. Hence, the duration of the . By far the deadliest flood in the known history of humanity. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The Hebrew and Aramaic lexicon of the Old Testament. It then headed south and moved across the North Sea to the Netherlands, Denmark, and Germany. It is true that baseball generally coincides with spring, summer, and early autumn, and deer hunting season generally is in autumn, but we understand that these seasons relate to the period of time in which those activities are done, not necessarily to certain weather. This begins the civil year. This study begins by linking Flood chronology with Creation chronology, which simply has a sequence of seven literal days ending with a sabbath day.